Napoleonic Wars Battle of Waterloo, 1815

The Battle of Waterloo was fought June 18, 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders in the Battle of Waterloo Seventh Coalition Duke of WellingtonField Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼cher118,000 men French Napoleon Bonaparte72,000 men Battle of Waterloo Background Escaping exile in Elba, Napoleon landed in France in March 1815. Advancing on Paris, his former supporters flocked to his banner and his army was quickly re-formed. Declared an outlaw by the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon worked to consolidate his return to power. Assessing the strategic situation, he determined that a swift victory was required before the Seventh Coalition could fully mobilize its forces against him. To achieve this, Napoleon intended to destroy the Duke of Wellingtons coalition army south of Brussels before turning east to defeat the Prussians. Moving north, Napoleon divided his army in three giving command of the left wing to Marshal Michel Ney, the right wing to Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, while retaining personal command of a reserve force. Crossing the border at Charleroi on June 15, Napoleon sought to place his army between those of Wellington and Prussian commander Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼cher. Alerted to this movement, Wellington ordered his army to concentrate at the crossroads of Quatre Bras. Attacking on June 16, Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Ligny while Ney was fought to a draw at Quatre Bras. Moving to Waterloo With the Prussian defeat, Wellington was forced to abandon Quatre Bras and withdraw north to a low ridge near Mont Saint Jean just south of Waterloo. Having scouted the position the previous year, Wellington formed his army on the reverse slope of the ridge, out of sight to the south, as well as garrisoned the chateau of Hougoumont forward of his right flank. He also posted troops to the farmhouse of La Haye Sainte, in front of his center, and the hamlet of Papelotte forward of his left flank and guarding the road east towards the Prussians. Having been beaten at Ligny, Blà ¼cher elected to quietly retreat north to Wavre rather than east towards his base. This allowed him to remain in supporting distance to Wellington and the two commanders were in constant communication. On June 17, Napoleon ordered Grouchy to take 33,000 men and pursue the Prussians while he joined Ney to deal with Wellington. Moving north, Napoleon approached Wellingtons army, but little fighting occurred. Unable to get a clear view of Wellingtons position, Napoleon deployed his army on a ridge to the south straddling the Brussels road. Here he deployed Marshal Comte dErlons I Corps on the right and Marshal Honorà © Reilles II Corps on the left. To support their efforts he held the Imperial Guard and Marshal Comte de Lobaus VI Corps in reserve near the La Belle Alliance inn. In the right rear of this position was the village of Plancenoit. On the morning of June 18, the Prussians began moving west to aid Wellington. Late in the morning, Napoleon ordered Reille and dErlon to advance north to take the village of Mont Saint Jean. Supported by a grand battery, he expected dErlon to break Wellingtons line and roll it up from east to west. The Battle of Waterloo As the French troops advanced, heavy fighting began in the vicinity of Hougoumont. Defended by British troops as well as those from Hanover and Nassau, the chateau was viewed by some on both sides as key to commanding the field. One of the few parts of the fight that he could see from his headquarters, Napoleon directed forces against it throughout the afternoon and the battle for the chateau became a costly diversion. As the fighting raged at Hougoumont, Ney worked to push forward the main assault on the Coalitions lines. Driving ahead, dErlons men were able to isolate La Haye Sainte   but did not take it. Attacking, the French had success in pushing back the Dutch and Belgian troops in Wellingtons front line. The attack was slowed by Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Pictons men and counterattacks by the Prince of Orange. Outnumbered, the Coalition infantry was hard-pressed by DErlons corps. Seeing this, the Earl of Uxbridge led forward two brigades of heavy cavalry. Slamming into the French, they broke up dErlons attack. Carried forward by their momentum, they drove past La Haye Sainte and assaulted the French grand battery. Counterattacked by the French, they withdrew having taken heavy losses. Having been thwarted in this initial assault, Napoleon was forced to dispatch Lobaus corps and two cavalry divisions east to block the approach of the advancing Prussians. Around 4:00 PM, Ney mistook the removal of Coalition casualties for the beginnings of a retreat. Lacking infantry reserves after dErlons failed attack, he ordered cavalry units forward to exploit the situation. Ultimately feeding around 9,000 horsemen into the attack, Ney directed them against the coalition lines west of Le Haye Sainte. Forming defensive squares, Wellingtons men defeated numerous charges against their position. Though the cavalry failed to break the enemys lines, it allowed dErlon to advance and finally take La Haye Sainte. Moving up artillery, he was able to inflict heavy losses on some of Wellingtons squares. To the southeast, General Friedrich von Bà ¼lows IV Corps began to arrive on the field. Pushing west, he intended to take Plancenoit before attacking the French rear. While sending men to link up with Wellingtons left, he attacked Lobau and drove him out of the village of Frichermont. Supported by Major General Georg Pirchs II Corps, Bà ¼low attacked Lobau at Plancenoit forcing Napoleon to send reinforcements from the Imperial Guard. As the fighting raged, Lieutenant General Hans von Zietens I Corps arrived on Wellingtons left. This allowed Wellington to shift men to his embattled center as the Prussians took over the fight near Papelotte and La Haie. In an effort to win a quick victory and exploit the fall of La Haye Sainte, Napoleon ordered forward elements of the Imperial Guard to assault the enemy center. Attacking around 7:30 PM, they were turned back by a determined Coalition defense and a counterattack by Lieutenant General David Chassà ©s division. Having held, Wellington ordered a general advance. The Guards defeat coincided with Zieten overwhelming dErlons men and driving on the Brussels Road. Those French units that remained intact attempted to rally near La Belle Alliance. As the French position in the north collapsed, the Prussians succeeded in capturing Plancenoit. Driving forward, they encountered French troops fleeing from the advancing Coalition forces. With the army in full retreat, Napoleon was escorted from the field by the surviving units of the Imperial Guard. Battle of Waterloo Aftermath In the fighting at Waterloo, Napoleon lost around 25,000 killed and wounded as well as 8,000 captured and 15,000 missing. Coalition losses numbered around 22,000-24,000 killed and wounded. Though Grouchy won a minor victory at Wavre over the Prussian rearguard, Napoleons cause was effectively lost. Fleeing to Paris, he briefly attempted to rally the nation but was convinced to step aside. Abdicating on June 22, he sought to flee to America via Rochefort  but was prevented from so by the Royal Navys blockade. Surrendering on July 15, he was exiled to St. Helena where he died in 1821. The victory at Waterloo effectively ended more than two decades of near-continuous fighting in Europe.

Public Schools Should Not Be Banned - 914 Words

To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate Whether to vaccinate or not to vaccinate our children has recently become a debatable and controversial issue amongst parents and activists alike. There are many people who believe there is a greater risk in vaccinating their children due to the side effects, including seizures, paralysis, and in some cases, death although a very small percentage of children actually experience these side effects. Vaccines help prevent deadly diseases by preparing the body to fight off the illnesses when and if they occur. Children should be required to be up to date on all vaccinations to attend public schools, although many parents and religious groups do not agree(Song, 2014). Allowing children to attend public school unvaccinated should not be condoned, the parents are putting their child as well as other children at risk of contracting a disease. History and Current Status of Vaccinations It is not exactly clear when the first actual inoculation was performed. Some sources say the Chinese had been using some type of vaccines all the way back to 1000 AD. There was an outbreak of smallpox in Boston in 1721 that prompted physicians and the population to come up with something to resist the outbreak, a physician Zabdiel Boylston, had inoculated 248 people. Only about 3% of those people died versus the normal 14% fatality with no inoculation. In the late 1700’s, a vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner, a young English physician; he developed this vaccineShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Censorship In Libraries728 Words   |  3 Pagessociety, Censorship in libraries is when a school board, a parent, or just anyone challenges a book that is explicit with sexual language, homosexuality, and or religion. The meaning of censorship is to ban a book, its not necessarily up to the library, but more so to the community and the sc hool board. 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Technology Is Becoming More Advanced, Adolescents Are...

PSYCHOLOGY 101 Cyber Bullying Professor Rogers Jessica Dillard 5/9/2016 Abstract: Since technology is becoming more advanced, adolescents are using the internet more than adults for social interactions. Examples include text-messaging, social media sites, email, and sharing videos or pictures. Patti M. Valkeiiburg, Jochen Peter, and others discuss different studies that were conducted to show how the internet has changed from the 1990’s till the late 2000’s. The author’s compares the positives and negatives attached to the internet during the 90’s vs. the 2000’s. Paul and Jochen see how the internet affects adolescents and their relationships with others. Throughout my research I found that there are some positives and negatives with the usage of technology. During the adolescence stage teens are trying find out who they are and how others feel about them. The internet it can be used to make connections with others but it can be used to hurt others. 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An Accurate Historical Account of Alexander the Great in...

Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, also known as Arrian, author of â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† is also well known throughout history for his educational connection with philosopher Epictetus. This book was meant to be Arrian’s master piece; his claim to fame. Arrian created â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† to depict the life and times of Alexander the Great (July 20, 356-June 10, 323 BC). Today Arrian’s â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† is considered one of his greatest pieces of work and is recognized historically for the accurate account of Alexander’s campaign. â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† is separated into sections titled as books. These books or chapters begin at one and end with book seven. Each book showcases the actions of Alexander the†¦show more content†¦The level of resistance from natives is not the only difficulty shown throughout India. The changing geography and environment introduced several new issu es for Alexander the Great’s. Three mountainous holds considered to be unconquerable fell to the army of Alexander the Great. Although the resistance, geography and environment created more difficult defeats Alexander prevailed at the challenges. During a raid on Sogdiana the daughter of Oxyartes, Roxane, is captured. Alexander married her. As signs from the gods began to turn negative Alexander’s army became weary of their constant battling. To settle these weary feeling from his troops Alexander the Great gives a speech to inspire them. He promises to conquer the all of Asia although his promises fall short to the army as they decided to return. The Indian Ocean is the next mission within Alexander’s view. Alexander sets out his boats down the Hydaspes along the way populations are defeated. The voyage down the Hydraotes comes to a stop when alexander the Great is wounded during an assault against the Mallians. Once, Alexander the Great is shown to be alive the voyage resumes. Moving throughout the water side several ships are lost to monsoons. As voyage reaches the Indian Ocean Alexander the Great celebrates with a sacrifice. As his next conquest becomes possible Alexander the Great moves into Persia; which will

Does the Media Correctly Portray Islam Essay - 861 Words

In a recent survey, a television network randomly asked people what came to mind when they heard the word Islam (Boston Globe 2005). The majority of the responses were 9/11, terrorists, suicide bombers, Saddam Hussein, and other things along those lines. This may have reinstated the opinions of those who thought poorly of Islam, and already believed it to be a United States hating terrorist religion. Now I see these fallacies even more clearly because I too had similar beliefs; but after taking a course on terrorism, I have since reconsidered my outlook. The survey did show to viewers, with more knowledge of Islam, the common misconceptions that many people in this country have. After 9/11 it was quite difficult for the media to shine†¦show more content†¦The fact that Islam is a religion with many similarities to Judaism and Christianity should show that Islam is not a word to fear, but to many Americans that is not enough. 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Common Sense Essay Example For Students

Common Sense Essay The Declaration of IndependenceAnd the work of Thomas Paine: Common SenseThe pamphlet Common Sense, made by Thomas Paine, was invaluable to informing the people of how they owed no loyalty to Britain. I am also a strong believer that this document indirectly helped lead to one of the key parts leading to the American Revolution, The Declaration of Independence. Thomas Paine had failed in other lines of work as a corseter, seaman, and tax officer. He then met Benjamin Franklin who helped him immigrate to Philadelphia, where his journalism career began. He wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, which was a very strong defense of American Independence from Britain. Without his passionate, convincing words we may never have had as many colonists with a patriotic state of mind. Im sad to say that after this great contribution to his country he returned to England, engaging in other mishaps. He was incarcerated for not endorsing the execution of King Louis XVI. While in jail he became an atheist and wrote The Age of Reason which became the first section of the deist-atheist text. At least he helped influenced the American Revolution, and thats what I think we should remember him by. As for the Declaration of Independence, I believe that his words influenced the representatives of the states, as well as the average American. On July 4th 1776 the thirteen states unanimously passed the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson. He was chosen because of his well-known skill of legible writing. It was not that the ideas shown of the document those of his own, but the shared ideas of many representatives, who would later on proof-check Thomas work to make sure no crucial ideas were left out. In the Declaration of Independence rights that still exist today are first installed. Such as the all important notion that we have no legal ties to Britain. That King Louis continuously treated the colonist poorly with innumerable counts of uncivilized behavior. Also the natural rights section that states all men are created equal, and certain unalienable rights that all humans are entitled to. I think its in short what America is all about.

Commercial and Corporation Law for Policies -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommercial and Corporation Law for Policies and Practices. Answer: Issue According to the case study the fact is Galli grandchildren become angry on the board of directors of GML because they both have decided of not providing dividend amount of A class share holder in present year where they want to invest the dividend amount with the fund of the development of the organic vineyard at Robinvale. Rules The corporation act has provided the right for the shade holders where they must have their dividend amount as basis of the section 254W. The dividend amount is must distributed among the shareholders who holds in A class of shares and the others share holders of the company has seem right of having the dividend amount (Dent 2014). Therefore as per the study it also found that the board of directors of GML also not able to take any decisions about the distribution of dividend amount to share holder in present year. However Galli grandchildren think that as they are share holder of the company therefore they must have the dividend amount (Dent 2014). Application Dividend amount is the basic right for the share holders who hold the shares of the corporation as per the corporation act 2001 of Australia. The dividend amount is earned by the corporation out of expenses and it distributed among the share holders of the company (Graetz and Warren 2016). This is the right of the share holders to claim their dividend amount. The distribution of dividend amount has lies for the duty of the director that they must take all the initiative steps to provide equally among the share holders of the company. Not only dividend amount but the corporation has also legislative rights to distribute the partly paid shares and permanent shares from the earning of the corporation among the share holders of the company (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). The share holders have rights to attend the annual general meeting with the director proposed report and others information related the company and the share holders has must participate in such activities where the can provide suggestions about the proposed report and claim their dividend amount (Dent 2014). Therefore according to the case facts Galli grandchildren have found that the director of GML has breach their duties to the share holders of the company. They have breached the section 181, 182, 183 and 184 of the corporation act 2001 (Graetz and Warren 2016). Conclusion Now they can take legal action against the board members of the company in respect of nonpayment of the dividend amount. The directors of the company has decided that not to pay the dividend amount to the Galli grandchildren and instead of that they want to use the dividend capital amount for the development of the organic vineyard at Robinvale (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Issue The share buybacks is one of the most benefit it process of buying shade under the corporation at now at FWPL Mario and Nick Galli are want to invest on the share by back process. Rules It is a process which helps company to make more benefit out of their own stock of shares. The company makes an offer to buy their own share from the shoulder take the same company and later they will again sold back the same share with the shade holders (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). Application In the process the company will make offer with the share holders to buy shares from them and after same shares are again getting back to the corporation then they can cancel to deal with the share holder about the share. But to dealing with share buybacks the private companies have equal access to buy such shares from the other share holders and in the process they can only able to select particular set of shares which is only make offered for the selected share holders (Tricker and Tricker 2015). The dividend component and capital component is mainly used for the processing of share buybacks. Therefore in this process the company lowering the share numbers the share buybacks process helps to earn more benefits and while increased the share prices the corporation can get back the capital amount to the share holders or any other investors who are related to the company (Graetz and Warren 2016). Conclusion It is also recognized as one of the best strategic process under the corporation at where the company makes the best profitable benefit from the stock and surplus cash to the investors which also make sure to believe them that company is able to pay any share amount to the investors (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). Issue According to the case fact alternatively if FWPL want to get rid of the a class shares by way of a reduction of capital. Rules They must follow the corporation at the section 256B of corporation act has stated the legislation about the reduction without the authorization is not possible by the company itself (Graetz and Warren 2016). Therefore it only makes it applicable if the company itself makes reduce of the share capital amounts with a favor and reasonable reason to the entire share holder. The section 256C of corporation at also stated the provisions that the share holders must reduce of the share capital (Tricker and Tricker 2015). However the corporation has right to cancel the share without any consideration on the matter of the reduction of share capital must satisfy all the terms of the corporation at otherwise it will not applicable of the production of share capital (Dent 2014). Application Therefore recording to the corporation at the reduction of the share only able to process is the company want to reduce the equal shares to share holders and not selected the production they which will be only applicable for each and every holder of ordinary shares in the company (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). The ordinary shares only help to reduce as for the profit of the company because the process of the reduction of the amount will be equal for every ordinary share holders of the company. Therefore if any problem or issues has been arises from the corporation then it will not make the reduction of the share amount and the conditions applicable for the selective share holders who hold the selective reduction only (Graetz and Warren 2016). Conclusion FWPL company directors are wanted to reduce the share capital from the shareholders. They must propose a form 2560 notification where they provide the notice of the meeting to pass the resolution for the reduction of the share capitals and submitting every document which are related to the reduction (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Reference Alstadster, A., Jacob, M. and Michaely, R., 2017. Do dividend taxes affect corporate investment?. Journal of Public Economics, 151, pp.74-83. Dent Jr, G.W., 2014. Corporate Governance Without Shareholders: A Cautionary Lesson from Non-Profit Organizations. Del. J. Corp. L., 39, p.93. Graetz, M.J. and Warren, A.C., 2016. Integration of corporate and shareholder taxes. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2016. Financial markets corporate strategy. Knepper, W.E., Bailey, D.A., Bowman, K.B., Eblin, R.L. and Lane, R.S., 2016. Duty of Loyalty (Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Legislation.gov.au. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.